Valorization of volatile fatty acids from the dark fermentation waste Streams-A promising pathway for a biorefinery concept

In recent years, much attention has been directed towards the integration of dark fermentation process into a biorefinery concept to enhance energetic gains, thereby improving competitiveness this process. The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from fermentative H2-producing processes serve as precursors for microbial synthesis broad spectrum biotechnologically-important products such biofuels and biocommodities. These are desirable substrates secondary bioprocesses due their biodegradable nature affordability. This short review discusses use acidogenic-derived VFAs in production value-added compounds polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) alongside microbial-based fuels (hydrogen, biogas, electricity), other valuable (succinic acid, citric butanol). also highlights strategies that have used extraction acidogenic effluents related waste streams. application novel enhancement techniques nanoparticles during recovery is discussed work. Furthermore, work some advances fermentation-based biorefinery, particularly development pilot-scale processes. Finally, provides suggestions on advancement biorefineries using derived